Literary Analysis Essay of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’ "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

Literary Analysis Essay of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’ "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is a short story by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It was published in 1955 as part of the book Leaf Storm. In this story, the author combines the natural with the supernatural. It follows the story of Pelayo and Elisenda whose child is sick. One day, while walking on the shore, they found a sickly old man with enormous wings and incomprehensible language. Believing he is an angle, the couple decides to keep the man in their chicken coop. News about an angel soon spread throughout town which prompted people to visit the old man. After staying with the couple for many years, the man regains his strength and flies away (Marquez 14). Central to the narrative are themes of cruelty and compassion – both of which are exemplified by the characters in the story.

In this story, Gabriel Garcia Marquez examines the common response of humans to those who are different and weak. And in most cases, the response is categorized as either compassion or cruelty. In the first part of the narrative, the audience sees glimpses of compassion which is embodied by the couple. After seeing the senile and weak old man by the shore, the couple thought that he must be an angel who had come to take their child to heaven. They then decided to consult their neighbor, who then advises them to kill the man by clubbing him to death. However, the couple felt a sense of compassion for the stranger; and instead of killing him the couple chose to keep him in their chicken coop. It is in here that the audience can detect the sense of kindness from the two main characters despite of the old man’s strangeness. In the same way, the old man displayed compassion towards the impoverished couple which is evident in his choice not to leave. The old man’s extreme patience, despite of all the fuss around him, enabled the couple to have a better life.

Alternately, the story is also filled with much cruelty which is similarly expressed by the behavior and actions of the main characters. One of the most obvious expressions of cruelty in the story is when the couple decided to keep the man in their chicken coop. While they decided not to kill the man, they nonetheless placed in a part of their home that is almost inhabitable. The couple also imprisoned the man in a part of their house where the people could gawk at him and even hurt him by throwing stones.

Elisenda also displays cruelty towards the old man. Despite the money and material rewards that the man brings, the wife still perceives him as annoying and a nuance. Hence, she often chases him out of their home with a broom. She similarly took advantage of the old man as she charges admission fee to the visitors who came to see the "angel”. Elisenda soon realizes her cruelty towards the man when she sees him flying away. In this part of the story, the author paints an image of the wife who finally realizes that something wonderful and heavenly has forever left her life.

In both cases, it is evident that the author creatively combines compassion and cruelty as he shows both naturally coexists with one another. This concept of coexistence between good and bad is perhaps best exemplified by old man. He is portrayed as someone who is so natural and yet is also supernatural at the same time. This irony indicates that the author tries to communicate that in this world, both the good and bad coexist with one another.

References

Marquez, G. Leaf Storm and other stories. NY: Harper Collins, 2005

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Character Analysis of Bradley Pearson in The Black Prince

Character Analysis of Bradley Pearson in The Black Prince

The novel, The Black Prince is written by Iris Murdoch and published in 1973. The setting of the novel is during the 1950s in London. This novel is considered by many critics as Murdoch’s best work. It revolves around the story of Bradley Pearson, a fifty-year old unsuccessful writer. When he retires from work, he decides that he wants to take his writing career on a different level. He decides to take a vacation in a rented cottage to get inspiration. However, before his plans could happen, strings of events occurred and revealed much about his personality and weaknesses. Even if he is the narrator of the story and he manipulates the reader’s belief towards him, we can still analyze the character through the perspective of other characters and the actual turn of events.

The first thing that one must consider when doing a character analysis about Bradley Pearson is that he is the narrator in the novel. Thus, his use of words and language is crucial. For one, he uses words to shield himself and to make him appear good. This is why the novel could be full with shadows and mysteries—Bradley uses words to manipulate the minds of readers and to make them sympathize with him. As the narrator, he can simply describe the problem. He can simply write about the emotional situations. However, he is not required to speak of his real emotions and actions. Just like in Hamlet, any potential confrontation is to be followed by philosophical monologue, and this negates the need for actual action. In this way, Pearson becomes simply a spectator rather than an actor in his story (O’Neil, 979). This could also be observed in Pearson’s tendency to fill his story with quotation marks and to define nouns and verbs for his readers. This shows that he is careful in using words and even dictates the meaning of such words to readers (Hauge, 101). Thus, in analyzing the character, the readers must read between the lines and look beyond the shadows and mysteries that Pearson writes to protect himself.

Nevertheless, despite having an intrusive narrator, we can still analyze Bradley by looking into the perspectives of other characters. For one, Julian views Bradley as self-absorbed man. She believes that Bradley does not really care about her. She repeatedly accuses him of being egoistic. She stated, "You talk as if there was nobody here but you… You don’t seem to know me at all. Are you sure it’s me you love?” True enough, Bradley would appear to be intensely focused to his own thoughts, feelings, and sufferings—to the point that the feelings of Julian are disregarded (Broackes, 136). Yet, Julian is not the only one who views Bradley as such. All other three commentaries coming from Rachell Baffin, Christian Marloe, and Francis Marloe state that Bradley is an unreliable narrator (Broackes, 137).

Moreover, the actual turn of events could also provide us with good insights about the character. For one, we can see that Bradley can be rude and impolite especially when he talks to and about Francis Marloe, his ex-wife’s brother. He also lacks compassion and concern towards his troubled sister; that even if she kills herself, Bradley chooses not to mourn so that he could still spend the night with Julian without troubles.

In sum, Bradley Pearson attempts to achieve the sympathy of his readers by portraying himself as a changed man. However, in the commentaries written by other characters in the story, readers can learn otherwise. Nevertheless, we can look into actual turn of events to decide whether to believe them or to sympathize with the narrator.

Works Cited:

Broackes, Justin. Iris Murdoch, Philosophers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hague, A. Iris Murdoch’s Comic Vision. Ontario: Associated University Press.

O’Neil, Patrick. Great World Writers. New York: Marshall Cavendish.

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Marriage as a Major Theme in David Copperfield

Marriage as a Major Theme in David Copperfield

David Copperfield is written by Charles Dickens, one of the most celebrated writers in England. One theme of the novel observed traditionally is marriage. However, today, critics begin to recognize that the novel is about failed marriages and the problems that they create (Hager, 132). We look into the two marriages of David Copperfield with Dora and Agnes. David’s relationship with these two women portrays marriage and other complexities of romantic love.

The novel traditionally portrays that marriage offers a solution to problems like dispossession and solitude. However, like any other marriages shown in the novel, David’s marriage with Dora created more problems that it can solve. For one, marrying Dora is considered to be David’s one "blind” mistake. Some would say that he married Dora only because he is attracted to her physically. Dora is described to be very feminine, beautiful and innocent. However, after marriage, David realizes that she does not make a good wife. She is childish and could not survive childbearing. Ye, for others, David marry Dora because of true love—as depicted to David’s association between Dora and his own mother. Nevertheless, David himself identified his marriage with Dora as "the first mistaken impulse of an undisciplined heart.” He even gives up mending the relationship because Dora does not exert effort to adapt to David’s need for a wife. Interestingly, he is relieved from further sufferings because of unhappy marriage when Dora falls ill and dies (Marcus, 90).

The death of Dora paved the way for David’s second marriage. This time, he makes a "better” choice for a wife: Agnes. She is David’s childhood friend and has loved David ever since they were kids. Many people argue that David should have married Agnes in the first place, because they believe that what he feels for Agnes is true love and for Dora, infatuation only. Before David proposes to Agnes, he speaks of brotherly love and concern for her. He still refers to her as a sister and even sees Dora’s eyes through her eyes. When he finally finds a clue that Agnes is in love with him, he also bursts into a confession of his love (Hughes, 121). Hence, if we are to look closely, we can see Agnes as a "reward” for making a proper choice. In Agnes, David wins an ideal wife, who has loved him for a long time and can fulfill the responsibilities of a wife. The death wish of Dora for David and Agnes to be together further legitimizes the second marriage. The married life with Agnes gives David the kind of happiness that he expected with Dora.

As Jerome stated: "The woman David Copperfield wanted was Agnes and Dora rolled into one (149).” Indeed, during David’s confession of love with Agnes, he unconsciously wishes that Agnes is as pretty as Dora so that he could love her (Hughes, 121). Yet, during his marriage with Dora, he and Dora had wished that he should have married Agnes (Marcus, 89). Agnes is the ideal wife; yet, Dora is still at the back of David’s mind. The perfect wife is one who has the physical attractiveness of Dora and the practical skills and supportive characteristics of Agnes. In sum, the novel encourages separation and second marriages. It views marriage as a temporary solution to perceived problems. It portrays marriage in practical terms rather than romantic love. With Dora or Agnes alone, David could not be satisfied; but with both, he gets the kind of tranquility and happiness that he expected from marriage.

Works Cited:

Hager, Kelly. Dickens and the Rise of Divorce: The Failed Marriage Plot and the Novel.

England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Hughes, Holly. Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield. New York: Barron’s Educational

Series, Inc., 1985.

Jerome, Jerome. The Second Thoughts of an Idle Fellow. New York: The Floating Press, 1999.

Marcus, Sharon. Between Women: Friendship, Desire and Marriage in Victorian England.

New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007.

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Jon Snow: A Character Analysis

Jon Snow: A Character Analysis 

Jon Snow is one of the major characters of the best-selling novel, A Game of Thrones, which is written by George R.R. Martin. The novel is also being shown now on HBO. Both the novel and the television series are receiving rave reviews. The fan-base of the story becomes larger by the minute. Among the most favored characters is Jon Snow. In this paper, we conduct character analysis of Jon Snow, as portrayed in the first book of the saga. This analysis is based on the perception of the different characters about Jon.

Jon Snow is the bastard son of Eddard "Ned” Stark. He is recognized by Ned since birth and even brings him to live with the legitimate children: Rob, Sansa, Arya, Bran, and Rickon. Yet, recognition is different from acceptance. Jon grows up seeking approval and affection from his father, but the latter is not able to give this to Jon. Even if Ned attempts to be a stronger father figure to Jon, he remains to be distant. This is why some of the readers and critics suspect that Ned is not his father. After all, Ned only brings Jon as a baby from the war that dethroned Aerys Targaryen, the mad king.

Add to Jon’s despair is the hostility of Catelyn "Cat” Stark, Ned’s wife, to him. As a bastard, Jon is a symbol of Ned’s infidelity to her. Hence, Jon receives all the hatred that Cat could have directed to her husband (Cogman). She is jealous whenever Ned gives attention and shows affection to Jon. She does not approve her children’s good relationship with Jon. Thus, she is relieved when she learns that Jon wishes to become a member of the Night’s Watch brotherhood together with Benjen Stark, Ned’s brother.

Benjen Stark sees potential in Jon. He suggests that Jon should take the vow of Night’s Watch. He believes that Jon’s skills will only be wasted in Winterfell, because, after all, Robb is still the heir. He sees that in Night’s Watch, he can be of great help and can even become a leader. On the other hand, Jon idolizes his uncle and also wants to become a ranger like him. In order to have a purpose in life, Jon follows the suggestion of his uncle. Hence, he leaves Winterfell, with one of Stark sibling sad.

Among the Stark siblings, Jon is closest to Arya. He says to her, "I will support you when no one else will.” True to his words, he gives Arya a sword because this is what Arya really wants. Arya names the sword, Needle. Somehow, Jon understands the situation of Arya because she is also considered as an outsider. She does not possess womanly skills like her older sister, Sansa. For Arya, Jon gives the affection of an older brother than Rob fails to give. Rob is too busy because he is the heir of Winterfell. In the book, love among siblings is best illustrated in the relationship of Jon and Arya. Despite the high hopes of finally finding where he belongs, Jon is set to find new challenges.

In the Night’s Watch, Jon is viewed as an outsider too. Unlike most of them who are misfits and former criminals, Jon comes from a noble family. Nevertheless, his skills in swords and riding horse earn him the respect that he wants. He also finds a new friend, Samwell Tarley (Jacoby). Ultimately, he finally identifies where he belongs—in the Night’s Watch brotherhood. Amidst the presence of some haters, like Ser Allyser, Jon’s talents are recognized and he becomes a natural leader (Verhoeve, 257).

Works Cited:

Cogman, Bryan. Inside HBO’s Game of Thrones: Seasons 1 and 2. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books, 2012.

Jacoby, Henry. Game of Thrones and Philosophy: Logic Cuts Deeper than Swords. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, 2012.

Verhoeve, Remy. Re-reading a Game of Thrones: A Critical Response. MI, USA: Nimble Books.

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Justice or Revenge: Literary Analysis of Sophocles’Electra

Justice or Revenge: Literary Analysis of Sophocles’Electra

Electrais considered as Sophocles’ best character drama. In his version of this play, Sophocles displays thorough analysis of Electra’s morals and motives. Unlike Euripides’ Electra, Sophocles’Electra emerges triumphantly from her endeavors. She successfully avenged her father’s death without being fully consumed by her wrath. One of the most evident themes in the play is the question of revenge or justice. In the play, Sophocles emphasizes the social and religious problem of justice. Some argue that Sophocles affirms violence and killings as a way to seek justice while others argue that he questions it (Ormand, 101). In this analysis, we concur that Sophocles puts more weight on justice through three factors: Electra’s motives, portrayal of Clytemnestra, and Orestes’s motives.

First, Electra’s motives, moral principles and beliefs are the focal points of the play. This is what makes the play primarily, a character drama. At the beginning of the play, it would seem that justice is given more emphasis compared to revenge. Sophocles draws pity from his audience by emphasizing Electra’s sufferings. However, we can also see that Electra holds the sufferings by her own choice, thus forging an identity of false victimhood. Electra unnecessarily holds her grief and develops distorted satisfaction in self-torture. In this regard, Electra becomes vulnerable in making the perceived injustice into revenge. In the Chorus, there appears a warning for Electra that this hatred can burn her soul. Indeed, there are points in the story that Electra becomes irrational and too emotional because of hatred and grief (Jantzen, 118). Nevertheless, Electra remains loyal to his father’s tomb. To the end, she still remembers her father. While she regrets that Clytemnestra and Aegisthus cannot be killed twice, she still believes of righteous revenge—as how it is done by his brother (Hogan, 271).

Moreover, Sophocles justifies the killing of Clytaemnestra by portraying her as outrageously cruel. It also seems that Sophocles favors justice because he downplays matricide as a crime. Clytaemnestra celebrates the death anniversary of his husband in grand festivals. She isolates her daughter and inflicts pain towards her. She does not mourn to the supposed death of his own son, and even wishes that he never returns. Through these characteristics, the audience can sympathize with Electra and Orestes for desiring to kill their mother (Luschnig and Woodruff, xxvii). She is portrayed to be undeserving of her children’s love and sympathy. In the same way, she appears to be deserving of the punishment inflicted to her. This also makes a stronger point for killing her as a form of justice for the death of Agamemnon.

Lastly, the choice between justice and revenge becomes clearer if we are to put another character in the analysis: Orestes. Electra wants for his brother to return because she believes that his brother could extract revenge for her. Likewise, Clytaemnestra is afraid that Orestes would return and avenge his father’s death too (Jantzen, 118). True enough, Orestes symbolizes revenge more than Electra does. Orestes’ plot for revenge against his mother and her lover serves as the main goal for his return, and this is marginal to Electra’s actions (Ormand, 103). Unlike Electra, Orestes does not mention his father’s death as the motivation for his actions. It is clear that his primary interests are fame and glory. He believes that lying is simply an instrument for successful actions (Beer, 120). Meanwhile, Orestes is only a secondary character. Electra is the central character of the play. Hence, revenge could not be considered as the primary emphasis of the play.

Sophocles’ version of Electra is greatly focused on Electra’s own moral views and actions. Throughout the play, while she can be vulnerable to direct her emotions towards revenge, she remains loyal to finding justice for her father. This is supported by Clytaemnestra’s characterization in the play. Orestes’ motive also sets differently from that of Electra’s. Hence, Sophocles supports justice, and not revenge, in his version of the play, Electra.

Works Cited:

Beer, Josh. Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy. Connecticut, Greenwood Publishing, 2004.

Hogan, James. A Commentary on the Plays of Sophocles. Illinois: Illinois University Press, 1991.

Jantzen G. Foundations of Violence. New York, Routledge, 2004.

Luschnig, Cecelia and Woodruff, Paul. The Electra Plays. Indiana: Hackett Publishing, 2009.

Ormand, Kirk. A Companion to Sophocles. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Literary Analysis Essay of John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Literary Analysis Essay of John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Paradise Lost is an epic poem­­ written by John Milton. It is deemed as Milton’s most notable work which in turn reinforced his reputation as one of the greatest English poets. This poem presents the Biblical story about the Fall of Mankind where in Adam and Eve was tempted by Satan which ultimately leads to their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Within the poem are recurring literary devices which were used by the author to communicate the major themes of the piece.

One of the most prominent and recurring motifs in the poem is the concept of opposites. This includes God and Satan, good and evil, heaven and hell, as well as darkness and light. However, the author heavily relies on the imagery of light and darkness to convey the idea of opposites. This is evident in the manner Milton describes God:

"Hail holy Light, offspring of Heaven first-born/ Or of th’ Eternal Coeternal beam/ May I express thee unblam’d? Since God is Light/ And never but in unapproached Light/ Dwelt from Eternity, dwelt then in thee/ bright effluence of bright essence increate” (45).

He similarly used light to represent the grace of God which is clear in his invocation in Book III, when he prays to Go that he be filled with light so that he can properly and accurately tell this story. Alternately, devils are described in terms of darkness; and in the same way the absence of light in Hell is representative of the lack of God’s grace. Coming from this context, it is clear that Milton wants to relate the concept of goodness with light and darkness with evil.

Another recurring concept introduced by Milton is the division of the universe. In this poem, the author divides the entire universe into four areas. This includes Heaven, Hell, Chaos, and Earth. In the opening part, the author provides an imagery of hell. He similarly includes the plans of Satan on they can pervert the will of God. In the following scenes, the author transitions to a scene in Heaven wherein God relates his plan to the angels. He presents God as an all-powerful yet loving being who, despite knowing that man will fall, continued to give him the gift of freewill. It is followed by a scene on earth which shows that the opposite poles are taking place within the realm of earth. Coming from this context, it is clear that Milton is in fact, trying to establish the settings and boundaries of what is good from evil by discussing heaven and hell. Earth in this case is a direct representation of man. This means that the power good and evil is something that takes place not in the earth per se, but rather in the heart and mind of man.

In the same way, this motif regarding the different realms of the universe relates the theme of the hierarchy of nature. The spatial hierarchy mirrors the proximity of all creation to God. The angels, cherubs, and archangels for example are often depicted sitting or staying beside God whereas Satan is condemned in hell which suggests his farthest from the grace of God.

Based on the points provided, it can be concluded that John Milton’s Paradise Lost uses different motifs which are closely connected with the theme of the poem. For example, the author employed opposites such as light and darkness to communicate the presence of both good and evil. He similarly talks about the different realms of the universe to communicate the presence or absence of God’s grace. This is evident in how the angels are often portrayed as beings of basking in God’s light whereas the devils are hiding in the shadows and darkness which indicates the absence of the grace of God.

Reference

Miton, J. Paradise Lost. NY: Longman, 1988

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Literary Analysis Essay of Emily Dickinson's "I died for beauty, but was scarce”

Literary Analysis Essay of Emily Dickinson's "I died for beauty, but was scarce”

The poem I Died for Beauty but was Scarce is one of Emily Dickinson’s most well-known poems. The piece talks about a woman who died for the concept of beauty while the man beside her gave up his life for truth. The narrator explains that both are the same which make them brethren. In this poem, the author explores the theme of death. More than this, the choice of words is used to communicate the relationship between death, beauty, and truth. And as a result, Dickinson made a poem that is gruesome and frightening and at the same time truthful and compelling.

One of the most obvious and recurring themes in this poem is death. This is clear in the first stanza which sets the tone for the entire piece. It primarily tells the reader that the person died for beauty; however she never got the chance to get used to her tomb as someone else was placed beside her. And the person who was laid in the tomb was someone who died for truth. Hence, the author writes: "I died for beauty but was scarce/ adjusted in the tomb/ When one who died for truth was lain/ in an adjoining room” (Dickinson 1). In this part, the theme of death is introduced by using words such as "tomb” and "died”. Dickinson connects this with the idea that it is she sacrificed herself for beauty. She used the word "scarce” to put across the message that it is now rare to find a person who believes in beauty and is willing to die for it.

The author also establishes a sense of connection and intimacy between the two characters. In the second stanza, the author narrates how both ask each other the reason for their death: "He questioned softly why I failed?/ "for beauty, I replied./ "and I for truth”. And upon realizing the reason for each other’s death, they came to the conclusion that at some point, they are similar or that they are brethren: "the two are one;/ We brethren are, he said” (Dickinson 1) This is a common metaphor often used in many of Dickinson’s poems. Many literary scholars point out that it is possible that for the author, beauty is truth expressed in words. It is also clear that in this part of the poem, the author uses the characters as metaphor for the abstract concepts of beauty and truth. It is also evident the author’s choice of words. the adverb "softly” is used to indicate that at some level, the two both have intimacy and connection. This is further underlined when the narrator explains that "the two are one” as well as "brethren”. The connection between the two characters suggests that similar to them, beauty and truth also goes hand in hand.

But perhaps what is most interesting is how the author connected the concepts of beauty and truth with death. In the second stanza, Dickinson creates an imagery that the two characters, or beauty and truth, are both in their tomb. This image is in fact, a representation of how death is a prerequisite to a full and deeper understanding of death. In short, death is an element which makes us appreciate beauty and truth.

In the third stanza, the author continues to establish the connection between beauty and truth. This is clear in how she uses the word "kinsmen” as well as the pronouns "we” and "our”. Alternately, the idea of death is also reinforced as the author writes: "until the moss reached our lip/ and covered up our names” (Dickinson 1). The imagery of moss covering them indicates that while beauty and truth exists, it will ultimately reclaim them at point of death.

Based on the points provided, it can be concluded that the author explores the theme of death by connecting it with the concepts of beauty and truth. This is evident in the choice of words of the author and the arrangement of the stanzas.

References

Dickinson, E. Dickinson: Selected Poems. NY: Harvard University Press, 2010

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Literary Analysis Essay of "Hope is a Thing with Feathers”

Literary Analysis Essay of "Hope is a Thing with Feathers”

Emily Dickinson is regarded as having one of the strongest writing skills in American poetry. Most of her work focuses on the concept of personal struggle. In fact, many of her poem talks about her own struggles and sufferings and how she often questions God for it. In the same way, she also displays her love towards nature by incorporating it in many of her poems. One of her most well-known works which exemplifies her writing technique is the poem Hope is a Thing with Feathers.

Much like in many of her poems, Dickinson employed nature as one of her main vehicles to communicate her themes. In this poem, she uses a bird as a symbol of hope. In this case, she believes that hope is something that is inside her and just like a bird, it continues to fly within her. In the first stanza, she describes the abstract concept as a "thing” to provide the reader a more concrete idea of hope. Hence, she connects it with the imagery of bird "that perches in the soul” (Dickinson 118). She similarly painted images of hope as if it was something alive: "There, it sings wordlessly and without pause” (Dickinson 118). She continues by explaining to the readers that it is always there as it: "sings the tune without words/ and never stops at all” (Dickinson 118) By using such language, Dickinson created an image in the readers heads that hope is something alive and it is something that resides in all us. It is as if she wanted to tell the readers that while hope is something that we cannot see, one can feel it as his own heartbeat.

Within the second stanza, the author creates a form of opposition towards hope. She talks about a storm which makes it difficult for the bird to fly: "And sweetest – in the Gale – is heard/ And sore must be the storm/ that could abash the little bird/ that kept so many warm” (Dickinson 118). In this part of the poem, Dickinson is in fact talking about problems and difficulties brought about by life. Similar to every other people, she has her share of problems. Hence, she knows very well that everyone will at some point encounter a very hard and difficult phase in their lives. And during those times, one might feel as if hope, which is residing in a person’s heart, is dwindling fast and dying. In this stanza, the author reminds the readers that while there are storms or problems in life, hope is residing in all of us.

In the last stanza, Dickenson tells the readers about how hope is present even in the darkest or lowest place. She writes: "I’ve heard it in the chilliest land,/ And on the strangest sea;/ Yet, never in extremity./ It asked a crumb of me” (Dickinson 118). In this part of the poem, the author says that regardless whatever life throws at us, hope is still with us. She uses the idea of chilliest land or strangest sea, and relates it to the hardships of life. And yet despite all of these, she lets the readers know that hope is remains faithful.

To sum, Emily Dickinson’s Hope is a thing with feather, is poem displays the writing style of the author. In this case, she employs both nature and the theme of personal struggle an incorporated it in her work. In here, she uses the simple metaphor of a bird to describe how hope acts and works in human life. She similarly used the idea of storm to denote that hardship is but a normal part of life. And yet, one ca still count that hope, even in the lowest or saddest point in a person’s life, is still there.

Works Cited

Dickinson, E. Dickinson: Selected Poems. NY: Harvard University Press, 2010

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Critical Analysis Essay on Free Will in Voltaire’s Candide

Critical Analysis Essay on Free Will in Voltaire’s Candide

Can I choose the path my life will take? Or is the universe inherently determinist? Can I reconcile Free Will with a Maker’s Grand Design? –Candide

These questions of novel’s main character show one of the most important themes of the story. In Candide, Voltaire tells much about his own beliefs and principles. It could be categorized as one of Voltaire’s anti-religious satires. In this story, Voltaire openly questions freewill, a basic Christian doctrine in Roman Catholicism. According to Christian teachings, man is endowed with reason and he can use his freewill to make a choice between good and evil (Arouet, 11). However, people are also taught of being optimistic that everything happens because of God’s will. Throughout the story, Voltaire portrays that Candide cannot use his freewill in most circumstances. The power of "Maker’s Grand Design” or destiny is always stronger than man’s free will.

In the novel, the concept of free will is constantly contrasted to blind faith driven by philosophical optimism or the belief of the "best of all possible worlds.” His mentor, Doctor Pangloss taught him about being optimistic and believing that everything that happens, no matter how difficult life becomes—all serve the purpose of world’s perfection. Pangloss submits to the belief that because God, the Creator, is perfect, the world he created is perfect too. However, Pangloss fails to perceive that the world is not perfect because there are calamities, evil, and brutality. Candide and Pangloss have seen and experienced unimaginable horrors: whipping, rape, robberies, disease, executions, betrayal, and earthquake. Amidst all sufferings, Pangloss attempts to remain optimistic. He tends to justify the terrible things that happen in the world with illogical or absurd arguments. Thus, Voltaire openly mocks philosophical optimism through Pangloss’ illogical arguments. Voltaire also argues for pessimism, in contrast to philosophical optimism, through the character of Martin. While Pangloss supports his claims with illogical judgments, Martin strongly supports his with realistic examples. Martin himself has experienced and witnessed a great deal of sufferings that have opened his eyes about the reality of life. Martin has completely lost faith to humans because they kill each other; and he believes that God himself has abandoned this world too. This is whey Voltaire also illustrates the Church, not as an agent of God and His religion, but of corruption and violence (Wootton, 49).

In the same way, Voltaire also questions the idea of free will. In the story, Candide is constantly put into a situation when he cannot practice his free will. He is banished from the castle where he is brought up because he kissed the one he loved. He wanders without knowing where to go. Under bizarre circumstances, he is executed wrongly and is asked to choose between thirty-six whips or a dozen bullets aimed to his head. He openly protestss that man has free will and he chooses not to have any of the two punishments. However, he is forced to make a choice. No matter what he chooses, he is dead (Cunningham and Reich, 693). This scene illustrates Voltaire’s regard to free will. This shows that free will is used to choose between two evils, and that the choice does not make a difference at all.

Towards the end of the story, Pangloss is able to regain his belief of having the "best of all possible worlds.” He argues to Candide that if not for all the sufferings that they encountered, they will not be in the place where they finally have peace and solidarity. However, Candide has thought well of the situation because of the company of Martin. Hence, concludes that without free will and stronger Maker’s Grand Design, the best we can do is to "cultivate our garden” or to strive hard in order to have more opportunities in achieving better life (Cunnigham and Reich, 699).

Works Cited:

Arouet, Fracois.CliffNotes on Voltaire’s Candide. Nebraska: CliffNotes Inc., 2010.

Cunningham, Lawrence; Reich, John. Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities with Readings. Boston: 2010.

Wootton, David. Candide and Related Text. Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2000.

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Literary Analysis Essay of Shirley Jackson’s "Lottery”

Literary Analysis Essay of Shirley Jackson’s "Lottery”

Shirley Jackson’s The Lotteryis short story first published in 1948 as part of an issue of The New Yorker. It is regarded as one of the most popular short stories in American literature. It explores the story of a small town and their annual ritual referred to as the lottery. Within this village, residents gather every year wherein they put all their names in black box. The next morning, the townspeople would once again assemble to draw a name who is unfortunately stoned to death. At the heart of the narrative are the themes of death, tradition, and the consequences of blindly following a ritual.

Tradition is a theme that is first explored in the narrative. In the story, it is evident how the villagers give so much importance and reverence to their annual tradition. At the beginning of the story, the preparations of the villagers seems to be something that they do every year as each one knows and are preoccupied their tasks . it is notable however, that the reverence of the people for this ritual is peculiar despite the fact that they do not know its origins. Nonetheless, the townspeople continue to pursue this custom which always results to a murder. Sadly this ritual has become a part of their town’s social fabric which in turn causes them to blindly follow this. Another interesting point is the fact that there is no particular and rational explanation behind this ritual; and yet the villagers feel as if they are powerless to change this cruel practice This foolish practice is best represented by Old Man Warner who is so faithful to the annual lottery. He firmly believes that the people will return to their old and primitive ways should they stop this tradition.

In the same way, the theme of death is prevalent throughout the story. Within the sotry, it seems as if the entire villagers already knew that they are preparing for the death of someone. Many details of the story point out to this. For example, the second part tells how the children are collecting stones and keeping them in their pocket. They similarly pile the stones that they have collected in the town square which is seemingly an innocent act. However, its true purpose is soon revealed at the end of the narrative. Another part of the story which foreshadows a violent death is the late arrival Tessie. The very fact that she arrived later than everyone else immediately sets her apart from the crowd. In fact, her dark fate is somewhat predicted by Mr. Summers when he says: "Thought we were going to have to get on without you” (Jackson 15). Interestingly, Jackson never tells the readers the purpose of the lottery. And by withholding details until the last part of the narrative, a sense of suspense is created which results to a powerful yet cruel conclusion.

Ultimately, the end of Tessie’s life is the best and most extreme example of the theme of death. It is interesting how the villagers, despite the fact that they already forgot the origin of the ritual, seemed to know instinctively that purpose of the stones. Sadly however, the stones were used to senselessly kill a member of their village. And in this part of the story, the author makes it clear that death, even death from violent means, is but a natural part of life.

Based on the points provided, it can be concluded that Jackson’s The Lottery explores the major themes of ritual and death. Within the story, the author exposes these themes through the actions of the characters. Ritual for example, is evident in the villagers and their preoccupation with the preparations. In the same way, death is exemplified by the stoning of Tessie by the villagers.

Works Cited

Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. NY: The Creative Company, 2008

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Literary Analysis Essay of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s "Winter Dream”

Literary Analysis Essay of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s "Winter Dream”

One of the most renowned and notable short stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald is Winter Dreams. This story first appeared in 1922 in Metropolitan Magazine. The narrative explores the life of Dexter Green who is middle-class boy who desires to a member of the "old money” elite. And out of this desire, he works hard in order to gain a wealthy status. Despite of his hard work, he still feels an outsider. He soon meets a girl who he eventually discovers is just stringing him along. After years of not seeing her and hearing the news of the girl’s sad fate, he still realizes that he still has some love left for her. At the core of story are then themes of class and society as well as the negative side of American Dream. These two themes are mainly exemplified by the characters of the narrative.

Society and class is one of the most prominent themes in this story. Such themes are clear on the author’s use of objects such as the boat and golf balls, as well as how he utilized his characters. In fact, In the same way, he uses the characters of Judy to represent the concept of wealth and high society. And similar to her high wealthy status, she is represented as someone who is both alluring yet unattainable. This particularly relates to the dreams of Dexter Green who wishes to be a part of the rich society. Another character that represents the status is the father of Judy, Mortimer Jones. As a member of the Sherry Island Gold Club, Jones like his daughter lives the rich life as he spends most of his time playing golf as if he has no care in the world.

And yet despite of the affluence, it is also evident how the author likes to communicate that along with these monetary resources, is a sense of sadness and a feeling of being incomplete. In the second part of the story, the author underscores the complexities of an indulgent life:

"Often he reached out for the best without knowing why he did it – and something he ran up against the mysterious denials and prohibitions in which life indulges” (Fitzgerald 16).

In this line Fitzgerald shows how the concept of wealth along with money and comfort are nothing but insubstantial objects that will soon fade. Hence, he communicates the fact that while the themes of class and wealth are dominant in the story, such concepts are in fact illusions or a substitute for happiness.

The idea of American Dream is another important theme in the story. American Dream which is the ideals that offers the opportunity of success and prosperity, is best embodied by the character of Dexter. The author portrays his protagonist as someone who came from the middle class; and because of hard work has earned his success and the realization of his dreams. But despite of his hard work, Dexter finds himself trying to hide his origins. Coming from this perspective, it is evident that the author is trying to underline the fact that while the American Dream affords people fortune, it cannot buy happiness. This is clear on ambiguous relationship of Dexter with his middle-class origin and how he is proud of it; as well as how he tries to hide it and instead present his "wealthy” self.

To sum, Winter Dream offers the readers the themes of class and society as well as the concept of the American Dream. These two themes are embodied by the characters. However, the most interesting part of the story is how the author aligns both themes to communicate the main message which is the inability of money or wealth to buy true happiness.

Works Cited

Fitzgerald, F.S. Winter Dreams. NY: Kessinger Publishing, 2004

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Literary Analysis Essay of George Orwell’s "Animal Farm”

Literary Analysis Essay of George Orwell’s "Animal Farm”

Animal Farm is regarded as one of George Orwell’s most notable works. Published in 1945, this dystopian novel is similarly considered as one of the best English novels, having won awards such as the Hugo Award in 1996. It follows the story of the animals in Manor Farm who have always been miserable under care of Mr. Jones, the farmer who runs the place. But perhaps what is most interesting about this novel is that it reflects the events of the Russian Revolution. In fact, the characters of the book are allegorical representations of major figures that relates to the revolution of 1917.

Napoleon is one of the first characters mentioned in the book. He is represented as a "large and fierce-looking Berkshire boar” who has a "reputation of getting his own way” (Orwell 34). He is presented as a corrupt and opportunistic character that never made a single contribution to the revolution. More than this, the character is a clear representation of totalitarian leaders that rose into power during the twentieth century. This explains why his name was taken from the infamous Napoleon Bonaparte who is known for betraying democratic principles. But while his namesake was from the French general, Napoleon’s character is in fact a direct representation of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. Initially, Napoleon was presented as a good leader. But over the course of the novel, he is eventually overcome by power and greed which caused him to become corrupt. His hunger for power is best exemplified when he decided to slaughter the animals who were plotting against him. This accordingly, is similarly to the life and leadership of Stalin who dropped the original principle of socialism which equality and instead lived a life of luxury while others suffer in poverty. Stalin was also noted for systematically killing countless people which he suspected were supporters of his rival Trotsky.

Another central character in the book is Snowball. According to the author, this character is very similar to that of Napoleon especially in the earlier parts of the narrative. Much like his counterpart, Snowball wanted to lead a new political and economic system that is based on equality. As the novel progresses, it becomes clear that one of them has to step down as both were always arguing. Some of their differences in opinion include whether or not to construct a windmill. It is in this regard that the character of Snowball mirrors Leo Dawidowitsch Trotsky which is the arch-rival of Stalin. The parallelism of Trotsky and Snowball are undeniably uncanny as both share similar experiences. Like Trotsky for example, Snowball has also been exiled. And similar to how Napoleon planned to murder him, Snowball’s experience shows the threats in Trotsky’s life. He was eventually assassinated in Mexico where he was found with a axe on his head.

Another major character in Animal Farm who is central to the story is Old Major. He is described as a "pure-bred” pig with a kind and wise demeanor. In the book, he proposes a solution to the animals who are desperate to leave the care of farmer Jones. Literary scholars point out that the manner in which Old Major is molded is reminiscence of Karl Marx. Much like Marx, Old Major’s philosophy is ideal as it is about a society built upon the principles of equality.

Based on the points provided, it can be concluded that George Orwell’s Animal Farm represents the characters and figures related to the Russian Revolution. Some of the major characters include Napoleon who represents Joseph Stalin, Snowball who symbolizes Trotsky, and Snowball who represents the idealism of the philosopher Karl Marx.

References

Orwell, George. The Animal Farm. NY: Green Light, 2012

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Literary Analysis Essay of Wordsworth’s "I wandered lonely as a cloud”

Literary Analysis Essay of Wordsworth’s "I wandered lonely as a cloud”

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudis regarded as one of William Wordsworth’s most famous poems. In this piece, the narrator talks about wandering and thinking like a cloud. He speaks of having a sense of serenity and detachment to reality as he reimagines the scene in his head. One of the most evident things about this poem is how the author used a number of literary devices to communicate a particular theme as well as the tone and the mood of the entire piece.

One of the main themes of this poem is detachment of all worldly things. In fact, the narrator compares himself to a cloud and opens the poem by describing to the readers how he seems to float "high over valleys and hills” (Wordsworth 37). This description suggests that he is in a dream-like state. The very fact that he chose a cloud to describe how he feels indicates that his thoughts are wandering far way and that he is unconcerned with everything and anything that is happening below. Many literary scholars suggest that as a Romanticist, Wordsworth employed this introductory line to describe how at times people can be disconnected and even dispassionate. Through the lines, he reminds the readers of how they tend to walk through life hazily, and it is in this state is where we fail as human beings because we also fail to appreciate the beauty that is all around us. The author’s "lonely cloud” is a metaphor used to indicate the impersonal and disconnected perception of the world. Wordsworth underlines that much like how a cloud floats miles above, so is man missing out on the beauty and quietness that nature has to offer. This idea is further underlined in how he describes the "golden daffodils” planted beside the lake as they "flutter and dance in the breeze” which is used as an imagery to describe that beauty that he is missing.

In the second stanza, Wordsworth now directs his attention to the beauty that surrounds him. He talks about the "twinkle on the milky way” and compares it with the daffodils he beholds in the first stanza. This suggests that it is the flowers and how they toss "their heads in sprightly dance” which gave him a greater appreciation of things. He continues this in the third stanza by writing that "The waves beside them danced; but they out-did the sparkling waves in glee” (Wordsworth 37). In this line, the readers can see how the author is touched by the beauty that surrounds him. His passionate and romantic description provides a clear, beautiful, and almost serene image in the minds of the readers. This means that Wordsworth is trying to inspire the readers and is trying to draw from them a sense of serenity which is evident in his choice of words such as "twinkle”, "shine” and "dance” among many others.

The third stanza is opposite to the introductory stanza of the poem. This is because unlike the first few lines in which the narrator "floats lonely as a cloud”, he has now come to the realization that nature is all we need in order of use to get out of that detached and depressed state. This is clear in the lines: "A pet could not but be gay./ in such a jocund company:/ I gazed – and gazed – but little thought/ what wealth the show to me had brought” (Wordsworth 37). The concept of "wealth” in this case, refers to happiness and inspiration which are feelings that he was lacking in the first stanza of the poem.

Based on the point provided, it can be concluded that the poem, I float lonely as a cloud, suggests the author’s dream-like and lonely state. However, through the quietness and beauty of nature, he was able to regain the sense of peace and happiness that he was looking for simply because he has gained a new love and appreciation from nature.

Works Cited

Wordsworth, W. William Wordsworth Poetry. NY: A&C Black, 2010

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Literary Analysis Essay of Paulo Coelho’s "The Alchemist”

Literary Analysis Essay of Paulo Coelho’s "The Alchemist”

Published in 1988, The Alchemistis regarded as one of Paulo Coelho’s best works. The narrative follows the story of a shepherd boy named Santiago. He decides to travel after having a recurring dreams about a treasure located as the foot of the pyramids in Egypt. And in his journey he meets various characters and circumstances that tell him to follow his personal legend which is dream or a goal that he had always wanted to pursue. Within the plot themes which is often embodied by the characters as well as events in the novel. Most notable themes include personal legend, fear, and the oneness of the universe – all of which contribute to the development of the story.

One of the main and perhaps, the most interesting themes of the book is personal legend. In book, the author talks about the concept of personal legend which is a dream or a personal goal that needs to be fulfilled in order for a person to live a satisfying and full life. The author similarly suggests that the pursuit to fulfill a personal legend is the primary and perhaps most urgent thing that life requires of us. The character of Melchizedek explains this concept to Santiago: "Whoever you are, or whatever it is that you do, when you really want something, it’s because that desire originated in the soul of the universe. It’s your mission on earth” (Coelho 24). The idea of personal legend, eventually moved the protagonist to fulfill the nagging desire to find that treasure underneath the pyramids. From there, the main character sets on a journey not only to the pyramids of Egypt but a journey that will lead him to a spiritual discovery. This means simply means that fulfilling a personal legend is the life purpose of an individual which is to realize his or her personal dream or goal.

Much like personal legend, the concept of fear is also an important theme and element used by the author in the book. Throughout the journey, the reader sees Santiago encountering numerous obstacles. These obstacles however, mainly come from his personal fears. Some of the worries he has on his mind include the fear of losing wealth and security by joining the desert caravan, the fear of dying in a battle, and the fear of failing. Although fear, is but common among humans, both the Alchemist and Melchizedek condemns this. For them, fear will become irrelevant if one is faithfully fulfilling his personal legend. Similar to Santiago, fear is embodied in the character of the crystal merchant who wants to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. However, he allows fear to control his life because he believes that once he made the journey to Mecca, he will have nothing to live for. As a result, the merchant lives a very sad and grim life.

Oneness and unity are also two important concepts in the book. And this is represented by "The Soul of the World” which is a force that binds everything in the universe. This idea is apparent in how Santiago is asked to communicate with nature which is, according to the novel, the common language of the world. The protagonist eventually asks for the help of the wind, desert, and the sun to turn him into a wind. Essentially, the concept of oneness of everything is one of the core messages of the book.

Based on the points provided, it can be concluded that Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist revolves around three major themes. This includes personal legend, fear, and oneness of the universe. These themes are the heart of the book as it develops the character of the protagonist while at the same time, develop the entire plot of the narrative.

Works Cited

Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist. NY: Harper Collins

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Literary Analysis Essay of Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 146’

Literary Analysis Essay of Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 146’

Analyzing the literary features of the Sonnet 146, this piece by Shakespeare follows the form and meter of the Elizabethan sonnet. Like in Shakespeare’s various poems, the speaker remains to be unknown. Also, for this poem, the setting is not necessarily mentioned given that the persona only advances interaction with him / her. Altogether, these features remain to be essential in helping Shakespeare provide emphasis to the important points of his literary piece. It points out the connection of man to religion and how repentance can serve to augment the suffering of the soul. Arguably, by carefully looking into themes related to appearances, religion and death it can help provide an important message to readers and emphasize the significance of man’s physical and spiritual relationship.

One of the evident themes presented by Shakespeare in ‘Sonnet 146’ comes is the notion of appearances. From the poem’s perspective, the persona is clearly in a problematic state because of the decision to place more emphasis on outward appearances. Instead of focusing on the nourishment of the soul, the persona arguably focuses on material things (Sharma, Parul and Kailash 72). However, one cannot take these possessions when they die. It is through this realization that the speaker in the poem feels remorse about the mistakes committed in the past.

Another important theme presented in the poem corresponds to the interaction of the persona to religion. Looking closely, Shakespeare offers readers the relationship of man with religion. It also emphasizes the struggle of the persona in the poem to resist temptations and sin to live a moral life. University of Toronto emphasizes further this analysis by pointing out that "this intrinsic and inevitable battle that occurs between the soul and the body, as well as the soul and God, is represented by the "rebel powers"(line 2), which force the soul to question its meaning and mortality, and hence engage in such a civil battle” (1). This part remains to be a powerful force influencing the perspective of the speaker in the poem.

The last and arguably the most apparent theme expressed by Shakespeare in this poem is the reality of death. By reading the lines, readers can see the persona’s struggle to accept death and the nature of man’s relationship with his/her soul and these remains to be described within different lines of the sonnet. Also important to highlight is the development of a religious connection where the recognition of the soul and its atonement remains to be an important course of action prior to facing death (West 113). Considering that life is really short, it is therefore important to make the necessary amends and change the outlook that remains to be shaped by inclination to material things. By seeking to pursue spiritual reparations and change it can help advance salvation.

Overall, ‘Sonnet 146’ by William Shakespeare is one of the poems that offer a serious notion about man’s relationship with the spiritual. Taking into consideration the struggle for material things and the inevitability of death, the poem is then able to emphasize the importance of nourishing the spirit. Equally, through Shakespeare’s use of the standards of the Elizabethan sonnet, he is able to provide an artistic take to the relationship that exists between man and religion as well as the body and soul.

Works Cited

Sharma, Monika, Parul Jain and Dr. Kailash. ‘Shakespeare’s Sonnets – A Critical Analysis’ IJRESS, 2.9 (2012): 65-72. Accessed 13 July 2014.

University of Toronto. Sonnet 146 Analysis. 2008 Web. Accessed 13 July 2014. 

West, Michael. ‘The Internal Dialogue of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 146’ Shakespeare Quarterly, 25.1 (1974): 109-122. Accessed 13 July 2014.

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Literary Analysis Essay of Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 116’

Literary Analysis Essay of Shakespeare’s ‘Sonnet 116’

Sonnet 116 is one of the more famous poems of William Shakespeare. Like any of his poems, it is an Elizabethan sonnet and remains to be written in iambic pentameter. Also, the piece is divided into quatrains with four stanzas each with two lines after and follows a specific rhyme pattern of a-b-a-b, c-d-cd, e-f-e-f, g-g (EastPenn.edu 1). Readers who read this sonnet also encounter various literary devices that provide depth and meaning to the piece. For instance, the use of figures of speech such as metaphors, repetition and personification remains to be evident on various lines. In addition, the tone of the piece arguably remains to be reflective of what the person thinks and through experience teach readers to appreciate important themes such as love and loyalty.

The theme that stood out when reading Sonnet 116 is the concept of love. One of the most important points highlighted in the poem is the ability of love to transcend the boundaries of time. It remains to be a natural feeling that enables people to find relevance and to connections. For example, the line ‘Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks’ depict an important point in the manner that love transcends time (Brenner 1). This input remains to be evident as the poem tries to examine the concept of love as one that goes beyond physical beauty or manifestations but a feeling that endures and remains to be evident among many.

Another important theme presented by Shakespeare in this poem is loyalty. Looking closely, the sonnet finds a positive relationship that exists between loyalty and love. For love to prosper, there must be the willingness to stick to what we believe. One must be willing to go beyond the trials and hardships for love to be considered real. In particular, Shakespeare provides these lines by mentioning, "Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, | But bears it out even to the edge of doom” (1). This quote goes to show that love that recognizes the importance of loyalty endures and gives individuals the strength to overcome any challenge that may come their way.

Lastly, there is ability to showcase the importance of experience in depicting the reality that surrounds love. In the last two lines of the sonnet, the poem reaffirms the stance surrounding love and its timelessness. It particularly gives emphasis to the argument that it is through experience that individuals are able to decide the reality of the points mentioned throughout the poem. Specifically, the concluding points offered in the couplet seek to address opposing views and reiterate the significance and importance of love (Shakespeare 1). It is through such approach that Shakespeare offers a logical ending to his poem about love and its true meaning to people.

Overall, the focal point that Shakespeare contends in Sonnet 116 involves love and its ability to be a valuable source of inspiration for many. Throughout the poem, themes related to love, loyalty and experience continue to emanate and encourage readers to understand the concept beyond physical manifestations. Equally, through the use of figures of speech, Shakespeare is able to evoke particular emotions and generate an artistic and insightful perspective surrounding the notion of love. It is through these reasons why this particular sonnet remains to be one of his most famous and well-acknowledged works in the field of literature.

Works Cited

Brenner, Alexander. ‘Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116: Analysis’ Hub Pages. 2012, Web. Accessed 13

July 2014.

EastPenn.edu.Sonnet 116 by William Shakespeare,n.d. Web. Accessed 13 July 2014.

Shakespeare, William. ‘Sonnet 116’ The Atlantic Online, Linda Gregerson. Intro. 27 Oct. 1999.

Web. Accessed 13 July 2014.

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